CLA Faculty Works
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Item Religious Radicalism in the Colonial Southern Backcountry: Jacob Weber and the Transmission of European Radical Pietism to South Carolina’s Dutch Fork(2006-12) Moore, PeterIn this vein, this paper will first examine the conditions that led to the Weber tragedy. In the mid-eighteenth century, imperial and provincial policies seeking to promote immigration in order to buffer the frontier created a patchwork religious landscape in the Carolina backcountry, what Woodmason characterized as a “mix’d medley” of churches and sects, some of them quite remote and chronically under-churched.3 At the same time, Indian policies designed to exploit the Cherokee during the Seven Years’ War backfired, leading to all-out war between South Carolina and the Cherokee in 1759. This combination of isolation, official neglect, and settler vulnerability provided fertile soil for the growth of radical spirituality, both in the backcountry in general and the Saxe-Gotha/Dutch Fork area in particular. In this sense, the Weber tragedy was not merely the result of religious delusion; rather, it was the unintended but by no means surprising consequence of the attempt by South Carolina’s planter elite to extend mastery over slaves, Indians, and poor white Protestants. The Weber sect was a casualty of this project. Turning from the local and provincial to the transatlantic perspective, this paper will also analyze the theological links between the Weberites and European radical sectarianism. For while the relative isolation of the backcountry explains in part why the Weber sect took root, the specific forms this sect adopted grew from the region’s connectedness to the ideological currents of the Atlantic world, particularly the currents of Continental Radical Pietism. Between the 1720s and the Revolution, Radical Pietist communities took root in the British American borderlands from New England to Georgia. The Weberites drew their breath from this diffusion of Radical Pietism, appropriating its communal, prophetic, and millenarian features, although these went awry in the crisis of the Cherokee War as the sect plunged into delusion and ritual murder. Placing the Weberites in the stream of transatlantic Radical Pietism sheds new light on the religious history of the eighteenth-century south. Traditionally, historians have depicted the early south as a religious backwater, where a moribund Anglican establishment and a few upstart evangelical sects existed alongside the unchurched masses until the evangelicals captured the region and transformed it into the Bible Belt in the two generations following the Revolution.4 Recent historians have challenged this picture, viewing the region on its own terms and stressing its religious diversity, creativity, and vitality.5 In this light, the Weberites remind us of what eighteenth-century religionists like Woodmason knew all along and what current historians are only now rediscovering: that the early south, far from being a religious blank slate, was instead rife with dangerous sects and wild-eyed enthusiasts. Theirs was a world was populated as much by wandering prophets, self-deifying mystics, and immigrant sects from the fringes of the Reformation as by evangelicals and Anglicans, a place where the threat of spiritual excess was just as real as that of worldliness and unbelief. Looking through the lens of the Weber sect while widening the angle to take in the Atlantic context, the early southern backcountry thus becomes a place of intense religious energy and creativity, not merely a spiritual backwater waiting for revival.Item Double the work: Challenges and solutions to acquiring language and academic literacy for adolescent English language learners(2007) Short, Deborah J.; Fitzsimmons-Doolan, ShannonDespite the growing societal awareness of the need for interventions and programs to increase literacy levels of adolescents, education policymakers and school reformers have mostly overlooked the needs of the large and growing English language learner (ELL) population. Though recent reports have helped to focus attention on the adolescent literacy crisis, they offer very little guidance on how best to meet the varied and challenging literacy needs of adolescent ELLs. In virtually every part of the country, middle and high schools are now seeing expanding enrollments of students whose primary language is not English. Rising numbers of immigrants, other demographic trends, and the demands of an increasingly global economy make it clear that the nation can no longer afford to ignore the pressing needs of the ELLs in its middle and high schools who are struggling with reading, writing, and oral discourse in a new language. Although many strategies for supporting literacy in native English speakers are applicable to adolescent ELLs, there are significant differences in the way that successful literacy interventions for the latter group should be designed and implemented. These differences have serious implications for teachers, instructional leaders, curriculum designers, administrators, and policymakers at all levels of government. Moreover, because adolescent ELLs are a diverse group of learners in terms of their educational backgrounds, native language literacy, socioeconomic status, and more, some strategies will work for certain ELLs but not for others. It should be understood that adolescent ELLs are second language learners who are still developing their proficiency in academic English. Moreover, they are learning English at the same time they are studying core content areas through English. Thus, English language learners must perform double the work of native English speakers in the country’s middle and high schools. And, at the same time, they are being held to the same accountability standards as their native English-speaking peers. To bring the issues and challenges confronting adolescent ELLs into clearer focus, the Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL), working on behalf of Carnegie Corporation of New York, convened a panel of researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working in the field to offer their expertise (see list in Appendix A).The panel agreed to a focus on academic literacy, that which is most crucial for success in school, and defined the term in the following way: Includes reading, writing, and oral discourse for school • Varies from subject to subject • Requires knowledge of multiple genres of text, purposes for text use, and text media • Is influenced by students’ literacies in contexts outside of school • Is influenced by students’ personal, social, and cultural experiences The panel identified six major challenges to improving the literacy of ELLs: • Lack of common criteria for identifying ELLs and tracking their academic performance • Lack of appropriate assessments • Inadequate educator capacity for improving literacy in ELLs • Lack of appropriate and flexible program options • Inadequate use of research-based instructional practices • Lack of a strong and coherent research agenda about adolescent ELL literacy During the course of the project, CAL researchers reviewed the literature on adolescent ELL literacy and conducted site visits to three promising programs. In addition, a sub-study was commissioned from researchers at the Migration Policy Institute to collect and analyze valuable information on the demographic trends and academic achievement of ELLs. At the conclusion of the process, the panel recommended an array of different strategies for surmounting the six challenges by making changes in day-to-day teaching practices, professional training, research, and educational policy. As a result, each “challenge” section in the body of this report is followed by an extensive “potential solutions” discussion. With the small but growing research base on the best practices for developing adolescent ELL literacy becoming more widely disseminated through increased dialogue among educators, researchers, and policymakers, the right strategies for helping these students attain their full potential are being determined. For example, policymakers should consider the following: • Tightening the existing definition of Limited English Proficient (LEP) and former LEP students in Title III of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) to ensure that states use identical criteria to designate LEP students and to determine which students are to be considered Fluent English Proficient (FEP) • Developing new and improved assessments of the adolescent ELLs’ native language abilities, English language development, and content knowledge learning • Setting a national teacher education policy to ensure all teacher candidates learn about second language and literacy acquisition, reading across the content areas, and sheltered instruction and ESL methods • Adjusting school accountability measures under NCLB to avoid penalizing districts and schools that allow ELL students to take more than the traditional 4 years to complete high school successfully Encouraging the use of proven and promising instruction for ELLs in schools • Funding and conducting more short- and long-term research on new and existing interventions and programs, and on the academic performance of these adolescent ELLs Although the potential solutions in this report are not exhaustive, they are meant to provide a sound starting point for better addressing the needs of ELLs in the nation’s schools. Moreover, by helping ELLs learn and perform more effectively in school, America’s educational system and society as a whole will be strengthened and enriched.Item The Michoacanazo: A case-study of wrongdoing in the Mexican Federal Judiciary(2015-01-01) Ferreyra, GabrielThe Michoacanazo was a federal criminal trial in Mexico prosecuted by the Attorney General’s Office against local and state public officials from the state of Michoacán who were indicted for having ties with the local drug cartel formally known as “La Familia Michoacana.” With the indictment, more than 30 public servants were arrested and sent to prison in a roundup carried out by the federal police in May 2009. Within a two-year period, all of those arrested were eventually released. This case had strong legal and political implications nationwide because it pitted the state of Michoacán against the federal government, as well as President Felipe Calderon’s administration against the Mexican Federal Judiciary. The Michoacanazo provides a glimpse into the inner workings of the Mexican federal judiciary when powerful interests collide, and corruption intermingles with politics, a drug cartel, and the complexities of handling drug-related trials.Item An investigation of response competition in retrieval-induced forgetting(Taylor and Francis Online, 2015-03-03) Glanc, GinaIt has been demonstrated that retrieval practice on a subset of studied items can cause forgetting of different related studied items. This retrieval-induced forgetting (the RIF effect) has been demonstrated in a variety of recall studies and has been attributed to an inhibitory mechanism activated during retrieval practice by competition for a shared retrieval cue. The current study generalizes the RIF effect to recognition memory and investigates this competition assumption. Experiment 1 demonstrated an effect of RIF effect in item recognition with incidental encoding of category-exemplar association during the study phase. Experiment 2 demonstrated evidence of RIF with use of an independent retrieval cue during retrieval practice. Results from this study indicate that response competition may occur outside of the retrieval-practice phase, or may not be limited to situations where there is an overt link to a shared category cue.Item Using orthographic neighborhood size manipulations to investigate memory deficits in aging memory(Taylor & Francis Online, 2016-08-22) Glanc, Gina; Logan, Jessica M.; Grime, Megan; Anuwe, Antonette; Thompson, JanelleIn three previous studies, manipulations of orthographic neighborhood size and orienting task were used to differentiate between item-specific and relational processing in young adults (aged 18–35) in standard recognition tasks. The current study attempts to investigate memory deficits in older adults (aged 65+) using similar manipulations. Experiment 1 manipulated orthographic neighborhood size within an item recognition task. Young adults demonstrated a standard mirror effect, showing more accurate performance for low-N words. No such effect was found in older adults, possibly indicating a deficit in item-specific processing. Experiment 2 included an orienting task during study to emphasize a specific type of processing. While younger adults’ performance was influenced by orienting task, older adults showed consistently better performance for High-N words. These results suggest that older adults show a deficit in item-specific processing, relying more on relational processing regardless of task.Item Motivations for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy as a function of socioeconomic status(BMC, 2017-02-01) Baptiste, Dadrie F.; MacGeorge, Erina; Venetis, Maria; Mouton, Ashton; Friley, L. Brooke; Pastor, Rebekah; Hatten, Kristen; Lagoo, Janaka; Clare, Susan E.; Bowling, Monet W.; Baptiste, Dadrie F.; MacGeorge, Erina; Venetis, Maria; Mouton, Ashton; Friley, L. Brooke; Pastor, Rebekah; Hatten, Kristen; Lagoo, Janaka; Clare, Susan E.; Bowling, Monet W.Background Despite no demonstrated survival advantage for women at average risk of breast cancer, rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) continue to increase. Research reveals women with higher socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to select CPM. This study examines how indicators of SES, age, and disease severity affect CPM motivations. Methods Patients (N = 113) who underwent CPM at four Indiana University affiliated hospitals completed telephone interviews in 2013. Participants answered questions about 11 CPM motivations and provided demographic information. Responses to motivation items were factor analyzed, resulting in 4 motivational factors: reducing long-term risk, symmetry, avoiding future medical visits, and avoiding treatments. Results Across demographic differences, reducing long-term risk was the strongest CPM motivation. Lower income predicted stronger motivation to reduce long-term risk and avoid treatment. Older participants were more motivated to avoid treatment; younger and more-educated patients were more concerned about symmetry. Greater severity of diagnosis predicted avoiding treatments. Conclusions Reducing long-term risk is the primary motivation across groups, but there are also notable differences as a function of age, education, income, and disease severity. To stop the trend of increasing CPM, physicians must tailor patient counseling to address motivations that are consistent across patient populations and those that vary between populations.Item Social network, surgeon, and media influence on the decision to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2018-06) Venetis, Maria; MacGeorge, Erina; Baptiste, Dadrie F.; Mouton, Ashton; Friley, Lorin B.; Pastor, Rebekah; Hatten, Kristen; Lagoo, Janaka; Bowling, Monet W.; Clare, Susan E.; Venetis, Maria; MacGeorge, Erina; Baptiste, Dadrie F.; Mouton, Ashton; Friley, Lorin B.; Pastor, Rebekah; Hatten, Kristen; Lagoo, Janaka; Bowling, Monet W.; Clare, Susan E.Objectives: The rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) has risen sharply in the past decade. The current study was designed to examine social network, surgeon, and media influence on patients’ CPM decision-making, examining not only who influenced the decision, and to what extent, but also the type of influence exerted. Methods: Patients (N=113) who underwent CPM at 4 Indiana University–affiliated hospitals between 2008 and 2012 completed structured telephone interviews in 2013. Questions addressed the involvement and influence of the social network (family, friends, and nonsurgeon health professionals), surgeon, and media on the CPM decision. Results: Spouses, children, family, friends, and health professionals were reported as exerting a meaningful degree of influence on patients’ decisions, largely in ways that were positive or neutral toward CPM. Most surgeons were regarded as providing options rather than encouraging or discouraging CPM. Media influence was present, but limited. Conclusions: Patients who choose CPM do so with influence and support from members of their social networks. Reversing the increasing choice of CPM will require educating these influential others, which can be accomplished by encouraging patients to include them in clinical consultations, and by providing patients with educational materials that can be shared with their social networks. Surgeons need to be perceived as having an opinion, specifically that CPM should be reserved for those patients for whom it is medically indicated.Item Taxpaying, importing, enforcing: Emerging discourse patterns in online newspaper comments about U.S. immigrant education(Cardiff University Press, 2019-11-15) Fitzsimmons-Doolan, ShannonRecent scholarship suggests that social norms are becoming more permissive of prejudicial talk about immigrants in the United States (Crandall, Miller, & White, 2018). This is in keeping with trends observed internationally (e.g., Krzyżanowski, 2018; Vollmer & Karakayali, 2018). Past studies of discourse about immigration in the United States have identified a number of patterns — most notably those relating immigrants to threat (e.g., Santa Ana, 2002) — though some have found patterns framing immigration as beneficial (e.g., Strauss, 2012). This study explores discursive patterns about immigrant education in online comments from American newspapers. It focuses on change exhibited by exploring salient lexical and thematic patterns in 2016 comments relative to such patterns in 2009 comments. Using a corpus linguistics design, keyword, thematic, and other analytical techniques were applied to identify and describe the most prominent new patterns in the 2016 comments. Seven themes, through which immigration was framed negatively, emerged as new and salient in 2016. The article also includes discussion of cross-thematic patterns (e.g., a zero-sum framework) identified in the analysis.Item Addressing microaggressions in racially charged patient-provider interactions: A pilot randomized trial(BMC Medical Education, 2020-03-24) Kanter, Jonathan; Rosen, Daniel C.; Manbeck, Katherine; Branstetter, Heather M. L.; Kuczynski, AdamBackground Racial bias in medical care is a significant public health issue, with increased focus on microaggressions and the quality of patient-provider interactions. Innovations in training interventions are needed to decrease microaggressions and improve provider communication and rapport with patients of color during medical encounters. Methods This paper presents a pilot randomized trial of an innovative clinical workshop that employed a theoretical model from social and contextual behavioral sciences. The intervention specifically aimed to decrease providers’ likelihood of expressing biases and negative stereotypes when interacting with patients of color in racially charged moments, such as when patients discuss past incidents of discrimination. Workshop exercises were informed by research on the importance of mindfulness and interracial contact involving reciprocal exchanges of vulnerability and responsiveness. Twenty-five medical student and recent graduate participants were randomized to a workshop intervention or no intervention. Outcomes were measured via provider self-report and observed changes in targeted provider behaviors. Specifically, two independent, blind teams of coders assessed provider emotional rapport and responsiveness during simulated interracial patient encounters with standardized Black patients who presented specific racial challenges to participants. Results Greater improvements in observed emotional rapport and responsiveness (indexing fewer microaggressions), improved self-reported explicit attitudes toward minoritized groups, and improved self-reported working alliance and closeness with the Black standardized patients were observed and reported by intervention participants. Conclusions Medical providers may be more likely to exhibit bias with patients of color in specific racially charged moments during medical encounters. This small-sample pilot study suggests that interventions that directly intervene to help providers improve responding in these moments by incorporating mindfulness and interracial contact may be beneficial in reducing racial health disparities.Item Effects of primary care provider characteristics on changes in behavioral health delivery during a collaborative care trial(Elsevier, 2020-04-20) McGuier, Elizabeth A.; Kolko, David; Ramsook, K Ashana; Huh, Anna; Berkout, Olga; Campo, John VObjective: Pediatric primary care providers (PCPs) are increasingly expected to deliver behavioral health (BH) services, yet PCP characteristics that facilitate or hinder BH service delivery are poorly understood. This study examined how PCP characteristics and collaborative care participation influenced changes in BH-related effort and competency over time. Methods: Pediatric PCPs (N = 74) participating in a cluster randomized trial (8 practices) of a collaborative care intervention for disruptive behavior problems completed self-report measures at 0, 6, 12, and 18 months. Latent growth curve models tested the impact of PCP characteristics (ie, age, gender, negative BH beliefs, BH burden, BH competency) on changes in identification/treatment of disruptive behavior disorders and competency over the course of the trial. Results: Participation in collaborative care was associated with increases in identification/treatment, with no evidence that PCP characteristics moderated changes in identification/treatment. For competency, however, older PCPs (>50 years) in collaborative care exhibited steep increases over time, while older PCPs in the comparison condition exhibited steep decreases, suggesting differential benefits of collaborative care participation by PCP age. In both conditions, PCPs with more negative BH beliefs reported less identification/treatment over time. Baseline competency was positively associated with identification/treatment and associations weakened over time. Gender and perceived burden had little impact. Conclusions: PCP characteristics are associated with changes in PCPs' BH-related effort and competency over time. Participation in a collaborative care model appears to be especially beneficial for older PCPs. Implementation of collaborative care can promote growth in BH-related effort and competency for PCPs.Item Closing time! Examining the impact of gender and executive branch policy makers on the timing of stay-at-home orders(Cambridge University Press, 2020-05-29) Shay, Laine P.The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has significantly altered lives across the globe. In the United States, several states attempted to manage the pandemic by issuing stay-at-home orders. In this research note, I examine whether the gender of state policy makers in the executive branch might impact a state's adoption of a stay-at-home order. Using event history analysis, I find that the governor's gender has no impact on the likelihood of a state adopting a stay-at-home order. However, I find that gender plays a significant role for agency heads. Specifically, my analysis shows that states with a female-headed health agency tend to adopt stay-at-home orders earlier than states with a male administrator. These findings shed light on how female leadership in the executive branch may impact public policy regarding COVID-19.Item The rollback of environment justice: Executive orders, rulemaking, and the administrative process under the trump administration(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers, 2020-06-16) Rios, Jo MarieMost substantive policy issue areas, particularly environmental policies, have been legitimized through the legislative process since the 1970s with the enactment of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. However, with a divided Congress, amendments to these two landmark pieces of legislation have become increasingly difficult to compromise and negotiate solutions to the most salient environmental problems in today's society, namely, climate change. The primary impacts of climate change are numerous: however, the changing weather patterns and factors affecting environmental health are at the highest risk. In the policy issue of environmental justice, Presidents Clinton and Obama used executive orders in an attempt to remedy some of the latent problems for minority and low-income populations, most notably, the regulation of carbon dioxide and methane. The coal industry lobbied candidate Trump who promised to rollback the regulations that affected that industry. This research investigates the executive orders issued in the Trump administration, presents a discussion of administrative rulemaking and federalism, and assesses the status of the executive orders to date.Item Resistance from within: Power and defiance in Montesquieu's Persian Letters(2020-08-26) Epley Sanders, JenniferMontesquieu reflects on the intricacies of government, social customs, and identity in his epistolary novel titled Persian Letters (1721). For many of these topics, Montesquieu addresses the themes of power and agency, mainly in the context of despotism as symbolized by a seraglio in the book. This article uses the explanatory research method through a case analysis of “power” in the Persian Letters to facilitate a nuanced, gendered understanding of “power” as a concept. The case analysis incorporates and applies feminist perspectives on power, as well as a theoretical framework and empirical observations from Scott’s Weapons of the Weak (1985), to define and operationalize “despotic power” and “defiant power.”Item “Ach for it”: Anthony Leigh, autonomy, and queer pleasures in the restoration playhouse(MDPI, 2021-08-04) Wiehe, JarredAnthony Leigh (d. 1692) built his career as a Restoration comedic actor by playing a combination of queer, lascivious, old, and/or disabled men to audiences’ great delight. In this essay, I key in on two plays that frame Leigh’s career: Thomas Durfey’s The Fond Husband (1677) and Thomas Southerne’s Sir Anthony Love (1690). In The Fond Husband, a younger Leigh plays a “superannuated,” almost blind and almost deaf Old Fumble who, in the first act, kisses a man because he cannot navigate the heterosexual erotic economy of the play (as over-determined by able-bodiedness). Over a decade later, in Sir Anthony Love, Leigh plays an aging, queer Abbé who is so earnestly erotically invested in Love’s masculinity (unaware that Love is a woman in drag) that he attempts to seduce Love with dancing. I bring the beginning and end of Leigh’s stage life together to argue that Leigh’s body, performing queerly, asks audiences to confront the limits of pleasure in sustaining fantasies of the abled, autonomous heterosexual self. Using these two Restoration comedies that bookend Leigh’s career, I trace pleasures and queer structures of feeling experienced in the Restoration playhouse. While Durfey and Southerne’s plays-as-texts seek to discipline unruly, disabled queer bodies by making Fumble and the Abbé the punchline, Leigh’s performances open up alternative opportunities for queer pleasure. Pleasure becomes queer in its ability to undo orderings and fantasies based on autonomy (that nasty little myth). In his Apology, Colley Cibber reveals the ways that Leigh’s queerly performing body engages the bodies of audience members. In reflecting on the reading versus spectating experience, Cibber remarks, “The easy Reader might, perhaps, have been pleas’d with the Author without discomposing a Feature; but the Spectator must have heartily held his sides, or the Actor would have heartily made them ache for it” (89). Spectatorship is not a passive role, but rather a carnal interplay with the actor, and this interplay has immediate, bodily implications. Audiences laugh. They ache. They touch. Whereas the reader of a play in private can maintain composure, audiences in the theatre are contrarily discomposed, non-autonomous, and holding onto their sides. Leigh’s ability as a comedian energizes the text and produces pleasure on an immediate, corporeal level for audiences. And that pleasure is generated through stage business built on touching, feeling, and seducing male-presenting characters. Spectatorship may, in fact, be a queer experience as Leigh’s queerly performing body exposes the limits of autonomy.Item Filming women: A conversation with Alankrita Shrivastava(2022) Arora, Anupama; Sanos, Sandrine; Siddiqui, GoharAnupama Arora, Sandrine Sanos, and Gohar Siddiqui (JFS): You have spent almost two decades in the film industry, and we thought we would begin by asking you about your journey as a filmmaker in the industry, and especially as a feminist filmmaker. Alankrita Shrivastava (AS): I moved to Bombay [Mumbai] in 2003 and I started assisting Mr. Prakash Jha on the film, Gangaajal (Holy Water, 2003).1 I was a sort of trainee or intern. I had just finished my Master's in Mass Communication from Jamia Milia University (in New Delhi); and I had moved to Bombay after that. I worked as an assistant director on several of Mr. Jha’s films such as Apharan (Abduction, 2005) and Rajneeti (Politics, 2010). And, in between, I was an executive producer on two films (Dil Dosti Etc, Love and Friendship, 2007; Khoya Khoya Chand, Lost Moon, 2007). I also made a short film in the meantime called Open Doors. While I was working on Rajneeti, there was a four-month gap in the schedule, and that’s when I shot my first feature film, Turning 30. Everyone thought I was crazy in just going ahead and shooting a film in that time frame. The film was produced by Mr. Jha.Item A multi-stakeholder perspective of relationship marketing in higher education institutions(2022-03-16) Jain, Varsha; Mogaji, Emmanuel; Sharma, Himani; Babbili, Anantha S.This study discusses a robust narrative of the relationship between higher education and the stakeholders in the digital era. It proposes an integrated higher education marketing framework using the Cue-Utilization approach with perceived situational appropriateness as the frame of reference. A multi-stakeholder perspective is explored using semi-structured in-depth interviews with India, the UK, Nigeria, and UAE participants. The study’s findings indicate that relationship quality associated with relationship marketing is critical for student engagement. The results further validate the cues that are the surrogate indicators of high relationship quality in an ecosystem of higher education. It illustrates through a framework the factors affecting relationship marketing and their role in enhancing stakeholder engagement. Digitization adds another layer of complexity in relationships and relationship marketing for higher education in the given context. Therefore, nurturing relationships and increasing digital scalability can constitute the most relevant factors for advanced higher education marketing.Item How sympathy and fear mediate the interplay between benefit and scarcity appeal organ donation messages(2022-06-11) Kong, SiningBackground: Organ transplantation is the most effective medical procedure to save people who are suffering from terminal organ failure. However, shortages of transplantable organs remain a universal problem. Although more than 90% of the U.S. population supports the concept of organ donation, only 60% are registered donors. Method: A 2 (other-benefit appeal vs. self-benefit appeal) × 2 (nonscarcity vs. scarcity appeal) online experiment (N = 312) was conducted to examine how sympathy and fear mediate the interplay between benefit and scarcity appeal in organ donation messages. Results: Other-benefit appeal message generated more sympathy than self-benefit appeal message in organ donation. The nonscarcity condition generated more positive attitudes toward organ donation than the scarcity condition. Sympathy and fear, respectively, exerted a significant impact on attitude and organ donation intentions under the nonscarcity and scarcity conditions. Conclusion: The results revealed that both sympathy and fear are underlying mechanisms that can change people’s attitudes and intentions of organ donation through different routes. Sympathy motivates people through altruism to reduce others’ suffering, whereas fear motivates people through viewing organ donation behavior as a value to help themselves cope with the fear of death. Because organ donation can remind people of their own death, resource scarcity can exacerbate people’s self-related fear of death, which may motivate them to suppress organ donation-related thoughts, rather than use organ donation as a defensive mechanism to cope with fear of death.Item An enslaver's guide to slavery reform: William Dunlop's 1690 proposals to Christianize slaves in the British Atlantic(2022-07-29) Moore, PeterWhen it was first brought to light in 2010, an anonymously authored, unpublished document from 1690, Proposals for the propagating of the Christian Religion, and Converting of Slaves whether Negroes or Indians in the English plantations, appeared to support claims for an emerging humanitarian sensibility among Christian antislavery reformers in seventeenth-century England. This article argues that Scottish Covenanter, colonizer, and enslaver William Dunlop was the author of these proposals. Dunlop’s authorship casts them in a new light, showing the complex ways Christianity and slavery were entangled in this period and the challenges Reformed Protestants faced in their attempts to disentangle them. Dunlop’s Reformed background and experience in the Presbyterian resistance movement during the “killing times” of the early 1680s led him to view slavery as anti-Christian tyranny and liberty as the will of God. But during his time in Carolina he was deeply implicated in enslaving illegally seized Christian Indian captives, African chattel slaves, white indentured servants seeking freedom in Spanish Catholic Florida, and even fellow Covenanters banished to the plantations for their resistance to episcopacy. Dunlop’s proposals emerged from these dual contexts. They tried and failed to imagine a form of Christian slavery that gave enough freedom to enslaved people to lead authentic Christian lives, showing instead that Christianity and slavery were incompatible and offering reformers only a stark choice: not Christian slavery, but Christianity or slavery.Item Examining the effect of self-determined appeal organ donation messages and respective underlying mechanism(2022-08-25) Kong, SiningThis study examined how intrinsic motivation and its respective underlying mechanism influence people’s attitude and intentions of organ donation. The findings revealed the importance of meeting people’s customized psychological needs. For the general population, especially non-organ donors, autonomous appeal message will be more effective in promoting their intention of becoming an organ donor. For registered organ donors, competence-based organ donation messages are more effective in increasing their promotion and seeking behavior of organ donation. This study also discovered underlying mechanisms of intrinsic motivation, such as self-integrity, pride, and sympathy. Pairing underlying mechanism with competence-based messages can maximize the message impact.Item Commending rather than condemning: Moral elevation and stigma for male veterans with military sexual trauma(2022-12-06) Staley, Gracie; Clara Vieira Zaidan, Ana; Henley, Katrina; Childers, Lucas G.; Daniel, Ray; Lauderdale, Sean A.; McGuire, Adam P.Background: Using an experimental study, we examined the link between state moral elevation and stigmatic beliefs surrounding male veterans with military sexual trauma (MST). Methods: Undergraduate students were presented with a video or written narrative of a male veteran self-disclosing how they struggled with and overcame MST (n=292). Participants completed measures regarding trait and demo graphic characteristics at baseline, then measures immediately after the disclosure stimulus to assess immediate elevation and stigma-related reactions. Results: Results suggest state-level elevation in response to a veteran self-disclosing their experience with MST was negatively correlated with harmful stigmatic beliefs about MST. A greater predisposition to experience elevation and PTSD symptoms were linked with stronger elevation responses to the stimulus. Conclusion: Findings support the need for further exploration of elevation and its potential to impact public stigma for male veterans with MST.
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